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asincos.c
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C/C++ Source or Header
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1995-05-03
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5KB
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177 lines
/*
* Copyright (c) 1985 Regents of the University of California.
* All rights reserved.
*
* Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
* provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are
* duplicated in all such forms and that any documentation,
* advertising materials, and other materials related to such
* distribution and use acknowledge that the software was developed
* by the University of California, Berkeley. The name of the
* University may not be used to endorse or promote products derived
* from this software without specific prior written permission.
* THIS SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED ``AS IS'' AND WITHOUT ANY EXPRESS OR
* IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, WITHOUT LIMITATION, THE IMPLIED
* WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTIBILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
*
* All recipients should regard themselves as participants in an ongoing
* research project and hence should feel obligated to report their
* experiences (good or bad) with these elementary function codes, using
* the sendbug(8) program, to the authors.
*/
#include "hdr.h"
#include <errno.h>
/* ASIN(X)
* RETURNS ARC SINE OF X
* DOUBLE PRECISION (IEEE DOUBLE 53 bits, VAX D FORMAT 56 bits)
* CODED IN C BY K.C. NG, 4/16/85, REVISED ON 6/10/85.
*
* Required system supported functions:
* copysign(x,y)
* sqrt(x)
*
* Required kernel function:
* atan2(y,x)
*
* Method :
* asin(x) = atan2(x,sqrt(1-x*x)); for better accuracy, 1-x*x is
* computed as follows
* 1-x*x if x < 0.5,
* 2*(1-|x|)-(1-|x|)*(1-|x|) if x >= 0.5.
*
* Special cases:
* if x is NaN, return x itself;
* if |x|>1, return NaN.
*
* Accuracy:
* 1) If atan2() uses machine PI, then
*
* asin(x) returns (PI/pi) * (the exact arc sine of x) nearly rounded;
* and PI is the exact pi rounded to machine precision (see atan2 for
* details):
*
* in decimal:
* pi = 3.141592653589793 23846264338327 .....
* 53 bits PI = 3.141592653589793 115997963 ..... ,
* 56 bits PI = 3.141592653589793 227020265 ..... ,
*
* in hexadecimal:
* pi = 3.243F6A8885A308D313198A2E....
* 53 bits PI = 3.243F6A8885A30 = 2 * 1.921FB54442D18 error=.276ulps
* 56 bits PI = 3.243F6A8885A308 = 4 * .C90FDAA22168C2 error=.206ulps
*
* In a test run with more than 200,000 random arguments on a VAX, the
* maximum observed error in ulps (units in the last place) was
* 2.06 ulps. (comparing against (PI/pi)*(exact asin(x)));
*
* 2) If atan2() uses true pi, then
*
* asin(x) returns the exact asin(x) with error below about 2 ulps.
*
* In a test run with more than 1,024,000 random arguments on a VAX, the
* maximum observed error in ulps (units in the last place) was
* 1.99 ulps.
*/
double asin(double x)
{
double s,t,one=1.0;
if(NAN(x)) return(x);
s=copysign(x,one);
if (s > one ) {
#ifdef mmax
return (infnan(EDOM));
#else
double zero = 0.0;
errno = EDOM;
return (zero/zero);
#endif
}
if(s <= 0.5)
return(atan2(x,sqrt(one-x*x)));
else
{ t=one-s; s=t+t; return(atan2(x,sqrt(s-t*t))); }
}
/* ACOS(X)
* RETURNS ARC COS OF X
* DOUBLE PRECISION (IEEE DOUBLE 53 bits, VAX D FORMAT 56 bits)
* CODED IN C BY K.C. NG, 4/16/85, REVISED ON 6/10/85.
*
* Required system supported functions:
* copysign(x,y)
* sqrt(x)
*
* Required kernel function:
* atan2(y,x)
*
* Method :
* ________
* / 1 - x
* acos(x) = 2*atan2( / -------- , 1 ) .
* \/ 1 + x
*
* Special cases:
* if x is NaN, return x itself;
* if |x|>1, return NaN.
*
* Accuracy:
* 1) If atan2() uses machine PI, then
*
* acos(x) returns (PI/pi) * (the exact arc cosine of x) nearly rounded;
* and PI is the exact pi rounded to machine precision (see atan2 for
* details):
*
* in decimal:
* pi = 3.141592653589793 23846264338327 .....
* 53 bits PI = 3.141592653589793 115997963 ..... ,
* 56 bits PI = 3.141592653589793 227020265 ..... ,
*
* in hexadecimal:
* pi = 3.243F6A8885A308D313198A2E....
* 53 bits PI = 3.243F6A8885A30 = 2 * 1.921FB54442D18 error=.276ulps
* 56 bits PI = 3.243F6A8885A308 = 4 * .C90FDAA22168C2 error=.206ulps
*
* In a test run with more than 200,000 random arguments on a VAX, the
* maximum observed error in ulps (units in the last place) was
* 2.07 ulps. (comparing against (PI/pi)*(exact acos(x)));
*
* 2) If atan2() uses true pi, then
*
* acos(x) returns the exact acos(x) with error below about 2 ulps.
*
* In a test run with more than 1,024,000 random arguments on a VAX, the
* maximum observed error in ulps (units in the last place) was
* 2.15 ulps.
*/
double acos(double x)
{
double t,one=1.0;
if(NAN(x)) return(x);
if((x > 1.0) || (x < -1.0)) {
#ifdef mmax
return infnan(EDOM);
#else
double zero=0.0;
errno = EDOM;
return(zero/zero);
#endif
}
if( x != -1.0)
t=atan2(sqrt((one-x)/(one+x)),one);
else
t=atan2(one,0.0); /* t = PI/2 */
return(t+t);
}